The skin, our body’s largest organ, serves as a complex and dynamic interface between the internal milieu and the external environment. It acts as a crucial barrier, safeguarding us against pathogens, dehydration, and harmful ultraviolet radiation. It regulates body temperature, facilitates sensation, and participates in vital metabolic processes.

However, this intricate organ is susceptible to a myriad of disorders, collectively termed skin diseases. These conditions can range from mild irritations to debilitating chronic ailments, significantly impacting an individual's physical, psychological, and social well-being. 

This blog aims to provide a comprehensive and accessible resource on skin diseases, offering insights into their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What are Skin Diseases? 

Skin disease is a broad term encompassing a wide range of conditions that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These conditions can vary significantly in terms of their severity, underlying causes, and clinical manifestations. From minor irritations to chronic and debilitating disorders, skin diseases can impact individuals of all ages and backgrounds.

These conditions, which are characterised by alterations in skin texture, colour, or function, can arise from a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, infections, autoimmune processes, or systemic diseases.

Understanding the diverse spectrum of skin diseases is essential for early detection, appropriate management, and prevention.

The Most Common Skin Diseases in India

The diverse climate and lifestyle in India could contribute to a unique range of skin diseases. We are about to read about some of the most prevalent ones:

1. Acne

Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, characterised by the presence of comedones, papules, pustules, and, in severe cases, nodules and cysts. It is primarily known to affect areas with a high density of sebaceous glands, such as the face, chest and back.

Acne can result from hormonal changes, bacterial colonisation and excessive sebum production.

2. Cellulitis 

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, often caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus species. It presents as a rapidly spreading erythematous, swollen and tender area, often accompanied by fever and malaise. Immediate antibiotic therapy is essential to prevent any further complications.

3. Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterised by pruritus, erythema, and scaling. Environmental factors, allergens, and stress can exacerbate it, typically affecting flexural areas. Emollients, topical corticosteroids, and trigger avoidance are all part of management.

4. Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition marked by well-defined erythematous plaques with silvery scales, commonly found on the scalp, elbows, and knees. An accelerated turnover of skin cells causes it, and it links to systemic conditions like psoriatic arthritis.

5. Fungal Infections

Dermatophytes, yeasts, or moulds cause fungal infections, also known as mycoses. Common presentations include tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and candidiasis. Diagnosis often involves clinical examination and fungal culture, with treatment including topical or systemic antifungal agents.

6. Vitiligo

The loss of melanocytes in Vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder, results in well-defined, depigmented patches on the skin. It can affect any body part and may be linked to other autoimmune diseases. Management may involve phototherapy, topical steroids, or skin grafting.

7. Pityriasis Versicolour

Malassezia species cause Pityriasis Versicolour, a superficial fungal infection that primarily causes hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules on the trunk. Clinical appearance diagnoses it, and a KOH examination confirms it. In many cases, topical antifungals for systemic therapy are included in treatment.

8. Melasma

Melasma is a hyperpigmentation disorder characterised by symmetric, brownish macules that appear primarily on the face. Sun exposure, hormonal changes, or medications often trigger it. Pregnancy is recognised as the most common cause of melasma.

Treatment includes sun protection, topical depigmenting agents, and sometimes chemical peels or laser therapy.

9. Lupus

Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune skin disease with cutaneous manifestations, such as the characteristic malar rash, discoid lesions, and photosensitivity. It can also involve systemic organs. Diagnosis requires a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. Management includes immunosuppressive drugs and sun protection.

10.  Ringworm

Ringworm, or Tinea Corporis, is a fungal infection that appears as an annular, scaly, erythematous plaque with a centre clearing. Clinical examination and mycological testing are conducted to diagnose this highly contagious disease. Antifungals are administered for treatment, either topically or systemically.

11. Rosacea

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterised by face erythema, telangiectasia, papules, and pustules. Triggers include sunlight, hot beverages, and tension. Management focuses on avoiding triggers, applying topical therapies, and, in certain situations, administering oral antibiotics.

12. Shingles/Chickenpox

Shingles (Herpes Zoster) is a reactivation of the Varicella-zoster virus that produces a painful, vesicular rash along a dermatome. The primary infection, Chickenpox (Varicella), causes a generalised vesicular rash. Antiviral medication and supportive care are key components of treatment.

13. Warts

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes Warts, which are benign skin growths. They appear as rough keratotic lesions, typically on the hands and feet. Cryotherapy, salicylic acid, and laser therapy are all viable treatment choices.

14. Skin Allergies

The immune system's reaction to allergens or irritations causes skin allergies, such as contact dermatitis. They manifest as pruritic, erythematous, and occasionally vesicular eruptions. Management consists of identifying and avoiding the allergen, as well as applying topical corticosteroids.

15. Skin Cancer

Skin Cancer is characterised by malignant growths like basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. These lesions vary in form and can appear as new or changing moles, non-healing wounds, or irregularly coloured patches. Early detection and treatment are crucial for positive results.

Causes of Skin Diseases

What causes skin diseases? That is something patients often ask us. Various internal or external factors can influence the health of the skin, making it a complex organ. Here are some common causes of skin diseases:

External Factors

• Infections: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites can infect the skin and cause various diseases.
• Allergies: Reactions to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or certain foods can lead to skin conditions like Eczema or Hives.
• Irritants: Exposure to harsh chemicals, soaps, or other substances can irritate the skin and cause inflammation.
• Sun exposure: Excessive ultraviolet radiation can damage the skin and contribute to skin cancer, premature ageing, and other conditions.

Internal Factors

• Immune system disorders: Conditions like Psoriasis and Lupus involve the immune system attacking healthy skin cells.
• Hormonal imbalances: Hormonal changes can affect skin oil production and contribute to Acne, Eczema, and other conditions.
• Genetic predisposition: Some skin diseases, like Psoriasis and Eczema, have a genetic component.
• Underlying medical conditions: Diseases such as diabetes, kidney disease, and liver disease can affect skin health.
• Medications: Certain drugs can cause skin reactions as side effects.

It's important to note that the specific cause of skin disease can vary, and often multiple factors contribute to its development. If you're concerned about a skin condition, it's essential to consult a dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment. And our facility at the Amrita Hospital, Kochi has one of the most ideal dermatology departments in India.

Treatment and Management of Skin Diseases

There are many skin diseases that are known to respond well to treatment. Depending on the health condition of your skin, your dermatologist may recommend various treatment methods:

Medical Treatments That Your Dermatologist Might Suggest

• The treatment options for acne include topical medications, oral antibiotics, retinoids, and hormonal treatments.
• Topical corticosteroids, moisturisers, and occasionally oral medications are used to treat Eczema.
• There are three methods to cure Psoriasis: topical treatments, light therapy, and systemic medications.
• For treating fungal infections, use antifungal creams or oral medications.
• Treatment options for skin cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.

Lifestyle Modifications Your Doctor Might Recommend

• Keeping the skin hydrated can help manage many skin conditions.
• Protecting the skin from harmful UV rays is crucial.
• Certain dietary changes may benefit some skin conditions.
• Stress can exacerbate skin problems, so finding healthy ways to manage it is important.

Common Treatments for Specific Skin Conditions

While the exact treatment will depend on the specific diagnosis, here are some examples:

• For Acne: Topical medications, oral antibiotics, retinoids, and hormonal treatments.
• In case of Eczema: Topical corticosteroids, moisturisers, and sometimes oral medications.
• To cure Psoriasis: Topical treatments, light therapy, and systemic medications.
• For treating fungal infections: Antifungal creams or oral medications.
• As a treatment for skin cancer: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.

It's essential to consult a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment plan. They can recommend the best course of action based on the specific skin condition and its severity.

Diagnosis and Tests

Now just in case you’re wondering how a skin disease is diagnosed? A doctor often diagnoses a skin condition or disease by examining your skin visually. And if visual examination doesn’t seem to give clear answers to your dermatologist, your healthcare provider might perform tests such as;

• Biopsy: Where a sample of skin tissue is removed for examination under a microscope. This test is often used to diagnose skin cancer and other serious skin conditions.
• Culture: Where a sample of the skin is taken to identify bacteria, fungi or viruses causing certain infections.
• Patch Test: Used to identify allergies by applying small amounts of substances to the skin.
• Wood’s Light Examination: Uses ultraviolet light to examine skin for specific conditions like fungal infections.
• Diascopy:  Where a glass slide is pressed against the skin to observe any colour changes.
• Dermoscopy: Where a handheld device is used to examine skin lesions in detail.

When to See a Healthcare Provider?

While many skin issues can be managed at home with over-the-counter treatments, there are also instances when you need to seek professional medical advice.

Seek Immediate Medical Attention If;

• You’re experiencing severe allergic reactions. In cases of difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, rapid heartbeat, etc.
• You’ve had severe burns. If you just had extensive burns, blistering or charring.
• You suspect skin cancer. Unexplained changes like a new or changing mole, a sore that just doesn’t heal, or unusual bleeding or itching.
• Signs of infection. Redness, swelling, warmth, pus and fever.
• If there is a sudden, severe skin rash that is accompanied by fever, chills, or joint pain.

Also, Consider Seeing A Healthcare Provider If;

• Persistent or worsening skin condition: Symptoms don’t seem to improve with over-the-counter treatments.
• Unusual skin changes: New growths, moles or discolourations.
• Itchy rash: That interferes with sleep or daily activities.
• Painful skin condition: That limits daily activities.
• Chronic skin conditions: Such as Eczema or Psoriasis, that require ongoing management.

Early detection and treatment can often prevent skin conditions from worsening. If you have any concerns about your skin, it's always best to consult a health professional.

Comprehensive Care for Healthy Skin

We have very well understood that our skin, a complex organ, safeguards our internal environment from external threats. Understanding the diverse range of skin diseases, their causes, and effective management is crucial for maintaining overall health. By recognising the signs and symptoms of skin problems and seeking timely medical attention, individuals can protect their skin and enhance their quality of life.

Experience the highest standard of dermatological care at the best hospital in Kochi. Our expert team of dermatologists is dedicated to providing personalised treatment plans tailored to your unique skin needs. 

Whether you're dealing with Acne, Eczema, Psoriasis, or any other skin condition, we offer advanced therapies and cutting-edge technology to ensure the best possible outcomes. Schedule your consultation with our top-rated dermatology specialists today!