Not every child is born perfect. Some gradually bloom, while a small fraction requires help and support throughout. Several developmental disorders affect the communication and behavior of a person. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of congenital developmental conditions. People suffering from this condition have difficulty communicating and struggle to lead a social life. ASD includes conditions including:<ul><li>Asperger’s syndrome</li><li>Autistic disorder</li><li>Childhood disintegrative disorder</li><li>Pervasive developmental disorder Symptoms usually start to appear during early childhood.&nbsp;</li></ul>Symptoms<ul><li>Lack of eye contact</li><li>Problems understanding speech or gestures</li><li>Lack of facial expressions or emotions</li><li>Resists being hugged or held and prefers to be alone</li><li>Repetition of words or phrases</li><li>Failure to respond to names</li><li>Could not adapt to changes in routine</li><li>Sensitivity to light, sound, or touch&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes and ReasonsIt isn’t exactly sure what causes autism. However, studies show the role of genetics and environment responsible for this condition. Genetic mutations and specific combinations of genes may increase the risk of ASD. Male children, pre-term babies, and children born to older parents also are at risk of developing this condition. Environmental factors such as drugs, infections, and medications, especially during pregnancy, can increase the risk of autism in your child. There is absolutely no proof that childhood vaccines cause autism. No research could relate vaccines and ASD. Hence, do not hesitate to give your child the necessary immune vaccines on time. Treatment There is no cure for autism, but early diagnosis and treatment would make a significant difference in the lives of those suffering from autism. Treatment includes therapy focusing on behavior and communication. There are also medications to manage hyperactivity and anxiety. Art, music, and other activities have been effective in managing this condition. Remember that this is not a preventable condition. Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

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Do you remember that awkward moment when you experienced severe itching in your private parts while attending a conference? Is it too embarrassing for you to talk about it? Vaginal yeast infections or vaginal candidiasis can happen to any woman at any time. It’s a common fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge, and intense itchiness of the vagina and the vulva.&nbsp;This does not fall in the category of sexually transmitted infection, and its intensity varies from mild to moderate. It poses a higher risk of vaginal yeast infection at the time of first regular sexual activity. The infection is also linked to mouth-to-genital contact (oral-genital sex). &nbsp;&nbsp;Symptoms<ul><li>Itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva&nbsp;</li><li>Burning sensation while urinating or during sexual intercourse &nbsp;</li><li>Redness, swelling, itching, and irritation of the vagina and vulva&nbsp;</li><li>Vaginal rash, pain, and soreness&nbsp;</li><li>Thick, white, odorless vaginal discharge that appears like cottage cheese</li></ul>Causes and ReasonsThere’s a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast in the vagina. The bacteria, lactobacilli grow inside the vagina with the support of the hormone called estrogen. It is these bacteria that keep the vagina healthy by killing harmful organisms. When this balance gets disrupted, a fungus called candida grows out of control and causes yeast infections.&nbsp;TreatmentsThere’s a natural tendency for women to treat themselves. It’s important to get a proper diagnosis to confirm the infection. Sometimes the symptoms could be because of even more severe conditions.  Treatment for vaginal yeast infections depends on the frequency and intensity of the condition.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

What causes vaginal yeast infection?

Menstruation can be a hard phase, especially when you bleed too much or feel pelvic pain. But if these symptoms get worse, then you must visit a gynecologist. The pain and bleeding might be due to the presence of uterine fibroids.&nbsp;Uterine fibroids or leiomyomas are non-cancerous growths that can grow in your uterus. They vary in size, and they mostly appear when you are of child-bearing age. &nbsp;Many women with fibroids do not show any symptoms.Symptoms<ul><li>Heavy and painful bleeding during menstruation&nbsp;</li><li>Back and leg ache&nbsp;</li><li>Menstrual periods lasting over a week&nbsp;</li><li>Frequent urination&nbsp;</li><li>Constipation&nbsp;</li><li>Pain in the pelvic area&nbsp;</li><li>Enlargement in your abdominal area</li></ul>These symptoms normally go away after menopause, as your hormone levels come down.Causes/Reasons&nbsp;The exact cause of uterine fibroids is not known. However, factors such as genetics, hormones, and extracellular matrix can contribute to this condition. &nbsp;Studies show that women of African heritage have higher chances of getting uterine fibroids. Heredity also plays a major role in acquiring this condition. Consumption of alcohol and red meat can also increase the risk of fibroids.&nbsp;TreatmentApart from a pelvic exam, uterine fibroids are diagnosed through ultrasound, lab tests, MRI, hysterosonography, hysterosalpingography, and hysteroscopy.&nbsp;If you show mild symptoms, you would be recommended to wait for the fibroids to go away on their own, which usually happen after menopause. Medications also help in managing this condition. &nbsp;In cases of moderate or severe symptoms, surgical procedures such as myomectomy, hysterectomy, endometrial ablation, uterine fibroid embolization, etc., are performed.&nbsp;Prevention&nbsp;Although uterine fibroids cannot be prevented, you can keep this condition at bay with certain lifestyle habits. A low sugar diet, cruciferous vegetables, and regular exercise may reduce your chances of uterine fiber.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Uterine Fibroids

Mood swings? Do you suffer from anxiety or depression? You may notice unusual swelling in your neck. Well! all of these could be an indication of thyroid-related health problems. What is a thyroid?The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in front of your neck, just below your Adam’s apple (or just above your collarbone). It is the endocrine gland that produces thyroid hormones, which control the rate of many activities in your body. It includes regulating metabolic activities like how fast you burn your calories or how fast your heart beats. When the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone, your body consumes energy too quickly. You become tired too easily when the energy gets used up too quickly. Your heart starts to beat faster, leading to weight loss and nervousness.  &nbsp;If the gland produces too little thyroid hormone in your body, you may feel tired. You may start to gain weight, and you will find it even unable to tolerate cold temperatures.Thyroid problems<ul><li>Goiter&nbsp;</li><li>Hyperthyroidism &nbsp;</li><li>Hypothyroidism &nbsp;</li><li>Thyroid cancer&nbsp;</li><li>Thyroid nodules &nbsp;</li><li>Thyroiditis</li></ul>Causes and Reasons &nbsp;Thyroid diseases affect every organ in your body. Anyone can be affected — men, women, infants, teenagers, and the elderly. It can be present at birth, or it can develop as you age, or it can be genetic.&nbsp;Certain medical conditions like pernicious anemia, type 1 diabetes, primary adrenal insufficiency, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, and Turner syndrome can cause thyroid disorders. You may be at higher risk of developing the condition if you are a woman older than 60. Those who have had treatment for a past thyroid condition or cancer are also vulnerable to thyroid-related disorders.The symptoms of thyroid problems resemble other medical conditions and life stages. Hence, it is difficult to determine whether they are related to thyroid or not. &nbsp;Symptoms&nbsp;<ul><li>Mood changes&nbsp;</li><li>Anxiety, irritability, and nervousness&nbsp;</li><li>Hair loss&nbsp;</li><li>Tiredness&nbsp;</li><li>Depression&nbsp;</li><li>Weight gain/weight loss&nbsp;</li><li>Weak muscles and tremors&nbsp;</li><li>Trouble sleeping&nbsp;</li><li>Enlarged thyroid gland&nbsp;</li><li>Irregular menstrual cycles, disrupted menstrual cycle&nbsp;</li><li>Blurred vision / irritated eyes&nbsp;</li><li>Forgetfulness&nbsp;</li><li>Dry and coarse hair&nbsp;</li><li>Hoarse voice&nbsp;</li><li>Intolerance to cold temperatures&nbsp;</li></ul>Treatment&nbsp;The primary step is the detection and diagnosis of thyroid disease. A clinical evaluation, blood tests, and interpretation of the results should be made by a physician. You need to ascertain the exact thyroid problem before starting treatments. It is a serious and life-threatening medical condition if you do not get treatment.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Thyroid

The question – Why do people do drugs? – continues to plague researchers, experts, law enforcement agencies, and the common citizen. The fact remains that drug use has spiked across the globe. Drug addiction has become a serious national crisis that affects public health and social and economic welfare. It’s a menace. But people do drugs for a myriad of reasons. Drug addiction or Substance Use Disorder (SUD) has become common as it provides an outlet for those who want to feel good, stop feeling bad, perform better at school or work, or simply for the fun of doing it. SUD affects the brain and behavior of an individual. It excites parts of the brain that produce positive emotions and good feelings. Once you start getting high, you seek the substance to get the same desired effect. It wouldn’t take long for your brain to get accustomed to these good feelings, and it will start to seek more of the drug to feel normal. Without the drug, you feel sick, awful, anxious, and irritable.&nbsp;You can’t resist or stop using drugs despite being aware of the drastic and fatal consequences. Drug addiction is not confined to contraband substances like heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. Addiction to alcohol, nicotine, sleep, and anti-anxiety medications, pain medications, opioids, and other legal substances are also common.(Statutory Warning: The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, also known as the NDPS Act, prohibits any individual from engaging in any activity consisting of production, cultivation, sale, purchase, transport, storage, and/or consumption of any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance in India).&nbsp;Symptoms&nbsp;<ul><li>As time passes, there is an increase in the quantity of drug intake &nbsp;</li><li>Continue use of drugs despite being aware of harmful effects &nbsp;</li><li>Craving more drugs to get the same effect&nbsp;</li><li>Dependency on drugs that block out other thoughts&nbsp;</li><li>Driving or undertaking risky activities under the influence &nbsp;</li><li>Ensuring a constant supply of drugs &nbsp;</li><li>Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop taking the drug&nbsp;</li><li>Failing to meet personal and professional responsibilities and duties &nbsp;</li><li>Getting into unlawful activities to procure drugs &nbsp;</li><li>Inability to attend or be part of social or recreational activities &nbsp;</li><li>Not being able to stop using the drug&nbsp;</li><li>Spending considerable time sourcing the drug, using it, or recovering from its effects &nbsp;</li><li>Spends on drugs even if it is unaffordable &nbsp;</li><li>Turning argumentative, abusive, violent, and becoming a citizen in conflict with the law &nbsp;</li><li>Urge to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day</li></ul>Causes and ReasonsIn general, drug users can be classified into two categories. Those who do drugs for pleasure and those who do drugs for pain relief. The other reasons for drug addiction include stress, loneliness and isolation, peer pressure, and self-medicating. People turn to drugs and alcohol due to depression and anxiety disorders.TreatmentThe earlier seek treatment for drug addiction, the more likely you are to save yourself from the terrible effects. &nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

Why people use Drugs?

How about having a bite of grilled chicken burger and coke? Or do you avoid them, considering your weight gain? If the latter is your choice, you are on the right path. It might taste good, but researchers have something else to say- processed foods increase cancer risk.&nbsp;Processed foods include packaged bakery products and snacks, sweetened or fizzy drinks, tinned food, processed meat, cheese, etc. They are often modified using artificial or chemical food colors, flavors, and emulsifiers.&nbsp;A study published online by the British Medical Journal (The BMJ) in February 2018 states that every 10% increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with a 12% higher risk for cancer in general and an 11% increased risk for breast cancer. The 2016 report by Foresight states that Sales of ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened beverages are growing, and this growth is almost exclusively found in the under-developed and developing countries. In fact, India is a vast market for the food processing industry, involving local and international brands.The hidden danger&nbsp;The tasty sugar, oil, and fat-rich processed foods often lack essential nutrients, which add to cancer risk. There is evidence that relates processed red meat to liver, lung, colon, rectum, stomach, and kidney cancer. &nbsp;Way to a healthy lifeAn expert report from World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) suggests that diet and nutrition are modifiable factors for cancer prevention. The use of fresh and minimally processed foods such as vegetables, fruits, rice and eggs, meat and fish, and milk is associated with lowering cancer risk. &nbsp;You need to change your food habits and shift to a healthy way of life. The government, too, can make decisions to safeguard the food habits of the citizens, especially the younger generation.

Processed Food And Cancer

Are you a woman of menstruating age? Do you experience irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and infertility? Chances are high that it could be because of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).&nbsp;It’s a hormonal disorder. Dr. Fessy Louis, a Consultant and Associate Professor, at Amrita Fertility Centre, says, “About 20% of women between the age of 20 and 30 have PCOS. For many, ovulation may be normal, but lifestyle changes may gradually affect ovulation in these people.”&nbsp; It is one of the most common causes of female infertility. However, there’s no need to have cysts on your ovaries to have PCOS. It’s also possible to have PCOS without any symptoms.&nbsp;Symptoms&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles</li><li>Excess facial and body hair</li><li>Severe acne and male-pattern baldness</li><li>Excess male hormone (androgen) levels&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes and Reasons&nbsp;POCS is a condition when ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs. When ovaries produce unusually high levels of hormones called androgens, it leads to a situation where the reproductive hormones become imbalanced. It results in erratic menstrual cycles, missed periods, and unpredictable ovulation.&nbsp;The exact cause of PCOS remains unknown. However, an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, excess insulin, excess weight gain or weight loss, hormone imbalance, and even hereditary factors can contribute to PCOS.Treatment&nbsp;&nbsp;You need to consult an infertility specialist if you are not conceiving after trying to get pregnant for at least one year without using contraceptives. PCOS can be treated based on symptoms, medical history, and other health conditions. Treatments include medications, lifestyle changes, or a combination of both.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Pcos)

Severe pelvic and abdominal pain can deteriorate the quality of a woman's life. The fluctuating sharp, and dull pain unsettles her completely. Her movements get restricted, and it can even render her motionless. All these could be an indication of an ovarian cyst.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs or pockets in your ovary or on its surface. These are common and, most of the time, painless and harmless. You might get one once a month along with your menstrual cycle. These usually go away on their own. The cyst becomes a problem when they do not go away and start to grow bigger.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ovarian cysts are generally small and don't cause any problems. Though there's a possibility of cancer, it can be rare. As you get older, the chances also go up. Hormone problems, endometriosis, a severe pelvic infection, or a previous cyst can lead to an ovarian cyst.&nbsp;&nbsp;Symptoms<ul><li>Sudden and severe pain, bloating, swelling in one side of your lower belly&nbsp;</li><li>Weakness, dizziness, fainting, and extreme mood swings&nbsp;</li><li>Breathing heavily, fever, and throwing up&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes and Reasons&nbsp;&nbsp;Ovarian cysts are associated with menstrual cycles, and most of these are functional. Generally, there are two types of functional cysts. Such cysts are usually harmless. These rarely cause pain and tend to disappear on their own within two or three menstrual cycles.&nbsp;<ul><li>Follicle cyst: A woman's ovaries usually release one egg every month. The egg grows inside a tiny sac called a follicle. The follicle breaks open and releases the egg when it is ready. Sometimes the sac doesn't open, resulting in a follicle cyst. However, these go away in 1 to 3 months.</li><li>Corpus luteum cyst: The follicle shrinks and prepares the next egg when the egg is released. Sometimes, fluid collects inside the follicle, thus becoming the corpus luteum cyst. Though it may go away in a few weeks, it can lead to bleeding or cause pain as it grows.</li></ul>Not all cysts are related to the normal function of your menstrual cycle. There are also other types of cysts.&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Dermoid cysts: Also called teratomas, can contain tissue, such as hair, skin, or teeth because they form from embryonic cells. These are rarely malignant.&nbsp;</li><li>Cystadenomas: These develop on the surface of an ovary and might be filled with a watery or mucous material.</li><li>Endometriomas: It is a condition in which endometrial cells grow outside your uterus. Some of the tissue can attach to your ovary and form a growth.</li></ul>Ovarian torsion causes the ovary to move, increasing the chance of painful twisting of your ovary. The onset of severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting are general symptoms. It can decrease or stop blood flow to the ovaries. Severe internal bleeding can happen when a cyst ruptures. Risk increases with the increase in the size of the cyst. When a cyst ruptures, it causes intense pain and internal bleeding. The risk of rupture increases as the size of the cyst increases. Vaginal intercourse or any other vigorous pelvic activity can increase the risk.&nbsp;Treatment&nbsp;&nbsp;Medication, laparoscopic and surgical remedies are available treatment options.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Ovarian Cyst

What is mensuration or periods?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Menstruation is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>The onset of menstruation is a sign that a female body is prepared for normal reproductive function&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>What is menarche?<ul><li>Menarche is the occurrence of the first menstrual period&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>It usually starts between the age of 11 and 14 and continues until menopause at about age 51&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>The length of a normal menstrual cycle is around 24-38 days with bleeding around 4-7 days&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>It is the result of the interaction between various hormones, that is the hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian hormones&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>How does mensuration happen?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>When ovulation is not followed by fertilization, the endometrium sheds its functional layer. The process is called mensuration.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Does a girl undergo physiological changes at the age of menarche?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Yes. Physiological changes occur at the age of menarche</li><li>Generally, the first experience would be fear, shame, or embarrassment</li><li>Pain and severe cramps</li><li>Heaviness in the lower abdomen</li><li>Hygiene issues, infection</li><li>Anemia due to heavy bleeding</li><li>Lethargy&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>What are the factors that affect the pattern of mensuration?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Genetic factors&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Age of menarche&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Nutrition&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Race, Geographical location, and Environmental conditions&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Health status, Psychological factors&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Body Mass Index (BMI)&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Socio economic status&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Education and occupation of parents&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Loss of parents&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Child sexual abuse&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Physical stress and Smoking&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Does mensuration hold a sociological relevance?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>It is very important in health planning&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Studies indicate that the average age of menarche has reduced significantly in the last few years&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>There’s a trend of early onset of menarche in developing and developed countries&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>What is the Indian scenario?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>About 50% of girls in India know nothing about their period until they start their periods&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Only 18% of women of menstruating age have access to sanitary products&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>82% lack awareness about menstrual hygiene&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Disposable pads are costly and not always available in rural areas. Only 5% of rural women can afford to buy disposable pads.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>How can we create awareness of menstrual hygiene?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Every girl should be taught about menstruation before their first period&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Girls should be educated by their mothers and teachers&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>They can be taught about menstrual hygiene from the time of thelarche or the appearance of breast buds, pubic, and axillary hair&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Girls should be taught the need to change sanitary napkins every 4 to 6 hours&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>They should know how to properly discard used sanitary napkins&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>They should know to wash, wear clean and dry undergarments&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Those using clothes should know how to use clean clothes and change these at frequent intervals&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>The clothes should be properly washed, dried, and stored in a clean and dry place&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Provide a separate storage facility to keep these clothes&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>If clothes are not maintained properly, it will lead to the growth of microorganisms that cause infection&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>What is the role of schools?&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Do not consider it a taboo subject&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Provide sufficient facilities to change and dispose of their menstrual products and clean themselves&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Provide sanitation facilities that are safe. Ensure privacy&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Provide access to clean water, soap and dustbin&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Create an environment where a menstruating girl is treated respectfully&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>It is prudent to integrate sex education into the school curriculum&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Create an environment where girls and boys learn about it at a very young age&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Schools can make facilities for sanitary napkin vending machines&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Menstrual hygiene tips&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Change your pads frequently&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Try to use cotton sanitary pads&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Clean reusable pads properly&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Keep the perineal area clean&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Wear comfortable, clean underwear&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Use correct washing techniques&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Discard used sanitary pads properly&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Consult a gynecologist in case of irregular or heavy bleeding&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Menstruation should be considered normal&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Consult your doctor at Amrita Hospital for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;

We do not endorse infertility shaming. A woman not getting pregnant might be due to biological and medical reasons, or it could be a matter of choice. A man not fathering a child has nothing to do with his masculinity. It's okay to not be a biological mother or a biological father, irrespective of a person's marital status.&nbsp;&nbsp;No, motherhood neither defines a woman nor makes her a real woman. No man should be bullied for not being able to father a child. Both women and men are subjected to relentless scaremongering and judgment as their biological clock ticks away in its natural rhythm. Shouting about that from the rooftops or bullying men into having kids before they're good and ready is of no help to anyone.&nbsp;&nbsp;Infertility becomes an issue when a couple decides to have a child, tries to get pregnant, and fails to conceive. You have opted for unprotected, regular sex for six months to one year, depending on your age, but it has not brought in desired results. It doesn't mean you are sterile. The main symptom of infertility is not getting pregnant. Some underlying medical conditions in men and women could result in this condition.&nbsp;&nbsp;Symptoms in women&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Abnormal and irregular periods&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>No periods&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Lengthy periods or periods stop abruptly&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Pelvic pain, abdominal pain, and back pain&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in sex drive and desire</li><li>Hair growth on the chest, face, and chin, and acne</li><li>Loss of hair</li><li>Milky white discharge from nipples</li><li>Painful sex</li></ul>Symptoms in Men&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Changes in hair growth pattern&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in sexual drive desire&nbsp;</li><li>Testicles can be small and firm&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Lumps swelling, and pain&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Pain, swelling, or swelling in the testicles</li><li>Issues with erections and ejaculation&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes and Reasons&nbsp;&nbsp;The whole spectrum of reproductive problems in both males and females is increasing, and studies show that the rate of infertility is going up. Factors like health issues to lifestyle changes lead to infertility. Problems with fallopian tubes, smoking, being overweight/underweight when an egg makes its way through fallopian tubes, cervical mucus damaging sperm, or slowing their progress can cause infertility in women. Infertility in men is often a problem with sperm. Low sperm count, low sperm motility, abnormally formed sperm, sperm ducts getting blocked, drinking alcohol, and smoking can result in infertility in men.&nbsp;&nbsp;Treatment&nbsp;&nbsp;Infertility is an issue that creates friction in marital relationships. If it goes unaddressed, it can result in the breakdown of marriages. It is paramount that couples who are desperate to get pregnant and unable to conceive should get medical help. Therefore, addressing infertility is an essential part of realizing the right of individuals and couples to start a family.&nbsp;&nbsp;Infertility can also be treated with medications and counseling, hormone treatments, surgery, assisted reproductive technology (ART), intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT).&nbsp;&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

Is your skin often dry? Do you have excess weight gain? Do you feel tired often? If you nod in the affirmative, you may probably be experiencing symptoms of hypothyroidism. It is a condition when your thyroid gland is underactive and doesn’t produce enough hormones.&nbsp;Symptoms&nbsp;<ul><li>Skin dryness&nbsp;</li><li>Weight gain</li><li>Swollen face</li><li>Constipation</li><li>Croaky voice</li><li>Irregular menstrual cycle&nbsp;</li><li>Slowed physical and mental functions</li><li>Depression</li><li>Slower heart rate&nbsp;</li><li>Fatigue&nbsp;</li><li>Increased sensitivity to cold&nbsp;</li><li>Increased sleepiness</li><li>Weak and painful muscles&nbsp;</li><li>Goiter&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes/ Reasons&nbsp;Hypothyroidism occurs when your thyroid glands fail to produce adequate hormones. It can be due to a number of factors such as Hashimoto’s disease, over-responsiveness to hyperthyroidism treatment, radiation therapy, surgery, and medications. If you are a woman over 60, or if your family members have a history of thyroid disorder, you are more likely to get affected by this medical condition. &nbsp;Treatment&nbsp;Blood tests, thyroid ultrasound, and scans are done in order to diagnose this condition. Hypothyroidism may become life-threatening if not treated. Medications, including synthetic hormone therapy, are the preferred treatment for this medical condition.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Hypothyroidism

Do you sweat often? Do you lose weight even if your food intake is normal? These can be symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroxin.&nbsp;Symptoms&nbsp;<ul><li>Unintentional weight loss&nbsp;</li><li>Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)</li><li>Increased sensitivity to heat</li><li>Muscle weakness&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in menstrual patterns&nbsp;</li><li>Sleep difficulty&nbsp;</li><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Increased appetite</li><li>Sweating&nbsp;</li><li>Diarrhea&nbsp;</li><li>Nausea&nbsp;</li><li>Shakiness or hand tremors</li><li>An overheated feeling</li><li>Nervousness</li><li>Goiter&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes/ Reasons&nbsp;Several conditions such as Grave’s disease, hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules, and Thyroiditis can cause hyperthyroidism. Over-consumption of iodine, especially through medication, can also lead to this condition.&nbsp;If you are a female, or if you have a family history of Grave’s disease, you are more likely to get affected by hyperthyroidism. You can also get linked to this condition if you have a personal history of certain chronic illnesses, such as Type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, and primary adrenal insufficiency.&nbsp;&nbsp;Treatment&nbsp;Hyperthyroidism can be diagnosed through blood tests, ultrasound, thyroid scan, and radioactive iodine uptake test. Depending on the severity, treatment for this condition involves medications such as anti-thyroid drugs, beta-blockers, and radioactive iodine pills. Surgical removal of thyroid glands is also another treatment option, but it involves risks such as damage to vocal cords and parathyroid glands.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

Hyperthyroidism

Is there a noticeable bulge in your neck? Is your voice hoarse? The severe uneasiness you feel in the throat could be the result of goiter. This is a condition where your thyroid gland is enlarged. There are many factors that make your thyroid swell. It is also linked with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.There are different types of goiters.<ul><li>Simple goiters: It happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormones, resulting in the enlargement of the gland.&nbsp;</li><li>Endemic goiters: Also known as colloid goiters, these are caused due to lack of iodine in your diet.&nbsp;</li><li>Sporadic or nontoxic goiters: These can be triggered by certain drugs or medical conditions.&nbsp;</li><li>Multinodular goiters: This happens when lumps called nodules grow in your thyroid.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Symptoms&nbsp;<ul><li>Swelling of the front base of the neck &nbsp;</li><li>Croaky voice</li><li>Uneasy feeling in the throat&nbsp;</li><li>Dizziness when you raise your arms</li><li>Swollen neck veins</li><li>Breathing issues and Snoring&nbsp;</li><li>Coughing and difficulty in swallowing&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes/ Reasons&nbsp;There are various factors that cause goiter. Iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto’s disease and Grave’s disease, multinodular goiter, and inflammation of the thyroid (Thyroiditis) are some factors responsible for causing goiter.&nbsp;If you are over 40 or female, you are more likely to get goiter. Pregnancy and menopause are also linked with this medical condition. History of autoimmune diseases and exposure to radiation can make you vulnerable to goiter.&nbsp;Treatment&nbsp;If your thyroid hormone levels are normal and the goiter is small, you may not require treatment. However, if hormone levels are too high or too low, you have to seek medical help. Treatment involves getting the thyroid hormone levels back to normal. The condition can be treated with medication, surgery, and radioactive iodine pills.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp; &nbsp;HYPERTHYROIDISM&nbsp;Do you sweat often? Do you lose weight even if your food intake is normal? These can be symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroxin.&nbsp;Symptoms<ul><li>Unintentional weight loss&nbsp;</li><li>Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)&nbsp;</li><li>Increased sensitivity to heat&nbsp;</li><li>Muscle weakness&nbsp;</li><li>Changes in menstrual patterns</li><li>Sleep difficulty</li><li>High blood pressure&nbsp;</li><li>Increased appetite&nbsp;</li><li>Sweating&nbsp;</li><li>Diarrhea&nbsp;</li><li>Nausea</li><li>Shakiness or hand tremors&nbsp;</li><li>An overheated feeling&nbsp;</li><li>Nervousness&nbsp;</li><li>Goiter&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes/ Reasons&nbsp;Several conditions such as Grave’s disease, hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules, and Thyroiditis can cause hyperthyroidism. Over-consumption of iodine, especially through medication, can also lead to this condition.&nbsp;If you are a female, or if you have a family history of Grave’s disease, you are more likely to get affected by hyperthyroidism. You can also get linked to this condition if you have a personal history of certain chronic illnesses, such as Type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, and primary adrenal insufficiency.&nbsp;Treatment&nbsp;Hyperthyroidism can be diagnosed through blood tests, ultrasound, thyroid scan, and radioactive iodine uptake test. Depending on the severity, treatment for this condition involves medications such as anti-thyroid drugs, beta-blockers, and radioactive iodine pills. Surgical removal of thyroid glands is also another treatment option, but it involves risks such as damage to vocal cords and parathyroid glands. &nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Goiter

The pain is not limited to the area around your uterus. You feel the throbbing pain during bowel movements. Your legs hurt, and sexual intercourse becomes a painful experience. In many cases, all these will be accompanied by rectal pain and sciatic pain. The pain is so unbearable that some women fall unconscious. You must visit a gynecologist when you go through painful periods and excessive bleeding. These are all signs of endometriosis. &nbsp;Endometriosis is a disorder where tissue that resembles the inner linings of the uterus grows outside of the uterus. The inner linings of the uterus are called endometrial tissue. In this condition, the tissues that grow outside the uterus act like endometrial tissue as it thickens and bleeds during each menstrual cycle. But this tissue has no way to leave your body, thereby leaving inflammations, scars, and lesions. These tissues commonly grow around your ovaries or fallopian tubes.&nbsp;However, there are women who do not experience symptoms even when they have endometriosis.&nbsp;Symptoms<ul><li>Painful periods worse than usual&nbsp;</li><li>Pain during sexual intercourse&nbsp;</li><li>Infertility&nbsp;</li><li>Painful bowel movements and urination&nbsp;</li><li>Heavy bleeding</li><li>Back pain and fatigue during periods&nbsp;</li></ul>Causes/ReasonsIt isn’t clear what exactly causes endometriosis. However, there are several factors that are linked with this condition. Retrograde menstruation is a possible cause for this condition. In retrograde menstruation, menstrual blood carrying endometrial cells flows back through your fallopian tube and pelvic cavity and eventually sticks onto these organs. Genetics and immune system disorders may also lead you to this conditionTreatmentEndometriosis can be diagnosed through techniques such as a pelvic exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy. Treatment includes medications to control pain, hormone therapy, and surgery. In severe cases, hysterectomy may be performed, but you won’t be able to conceive thereafter. &nbsp;Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress management can help you manage this condition. Make sure you avoid alcohol and caffeinated drinks. Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Endometriosis

The boy from Kedamangalam, Paravur in the state of Kerala is one of the few patients in India, who was put on ECMO (EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION ) for MIS-C. The condition severely affected the muscles of his heart. The muscles were inflamed and were completely unable to pump blood. His blood pressure was extremely low when he was brought to the Amrita Hospital, Kochi.&nbsp;&nbsp;ECMO works very well in clinical scenarios. The use of ECMO for cardiopulmonary support for pediatric patients with MIS-C is feasible. It can be considered part of the treatment algorithm for patients with severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction.&nbsp;Dr. Suma Balan, Professor, Department of Rheumatology (Specialist in Paediatric Rheumatology) says putting a very sick child with low blood pressure and poor heart on a ventilator needs a high degree of skill. In the case of Aaadhik, the child required special lines to be inserted into his veins, so that medicines to elevate his blood pressure could be safely administered without needing to prick him all the time. A line was also inserted in a peripheral artery to help monitor his blood pressure accurately. A bedside echocardiogram was also arranged due to the severity of the child’s illness. However, the multidisciplinary team realized that the child needed more medical attention and it was decided that an ECMO would help his recovery.&nbsp;ECMO is a process that does the blood exchange (oxygenation of the blood and allowing this oxygenated blood to be transported across the body). It is the work that the heart-lung complex does. In ECMO blood is pumped outside of the patient’s body to a heart-lung machine, allowing the blood to bypass the heart and lungs. &nbsp;Dr. Mahesh K, Clinical Professor, Centre for Aortic Diseases and Marfan Syndrome, Paediatric Cardiology says ECMO is not about adding on another machine. It requires special lines to be attached from the patient to the machine and back, and a lot of specific precautions to keep these lines sterile and flowing.&nbsp;&nbsp;“It is a highly skilled procedure and doctors have to undergo special training to achieve these skills and also keep them maintained by working in a clinical environment where they have to keep using them all the time,” says Dr. Sajith Kesavan, Senior Consultant and Head, Department of Paediatric Pulmonary and Critical Care.

ECMO saves an 11-year-old Aadhik

Are you sure your blood sugar level is under control? If not, it's a matter of concern. A high blood sugar level indicates a silent killer invading your body. If your blood tests reveal constantly high blood sugar levels, you have developed Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes. It is a lifelong disease. &nbsp;It is a condition where your body either does not produce enough of a hormone called insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it produces. It is insulin that helps the body convert glucose or sugar into energy.&nbsp;Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs. The pancreas, an organ behind the stomach, releases insulin to help store and use sugar and fat from the food that a person eats. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin, produces very little insulin, or when the body develops the condition insulin resistance, where it does not respond to insulin.&nbsp;Symptoms&nbsp;If you are diabetic, you may experience the following symptoms:&nbsp;<ul><li>Fatigue&nbsp;</li><li>Increased thirst&nbsp;</li><li>Extreme hunger&nbsp;</li><li>Weight loss</li><li>Blurry vision</li><li>Frequent urination</li><li>Sores that heal slowly</li></ul>Type 1 Diabetes, Prediabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes are the common types of diabetes.&nbsp; Causes and Reasons; and Treatment depend on the type of diabetes. &nbsp;Type 1 Diabetes: This is also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, destroying the body's ability to produce insulin. If you are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, you will have to take insulin to live. &nbsp;Cause: Exact reasons remain unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors are considered to play a significant role. &nbsp;Treatment: Type 1 diabetes can be managed through insulin intake, a healthy diet, exercise, and frequent blood sugar monitoring.&nbsp;&nbsp;Prediabetes occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be classified as Type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can lead to Type 2 diabetes. &nbsp;Causes: Your body's cells don't respond to insulin, and your pancreas makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond. Eventually, your pancreas finds it challenging to keep pumping, and your blood sugar shoots up. This sets the stage for prediabetes. &nbsp;Treatment: Prediabetes can be managed with a balanced diet, exercise, and careful monitoring of blood sugars. This can also prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes. &nbsp;Type 2: It is the most common form of diabetes. People with Type 2 diabetes produce insulin. But the insulin their pancreas produces is either not enough, or the body is resistant to the insulin. When insulin production is insufficient or the insulin is not used the way it should be, glucose can't get into the body's cells. Eventually, there arises the need for insulin medication. &nbsp;Causes: Exact reason remains uncertain. However, genetic and environmental factors are considered to play a significant role.&nbsp;Treatment: Although there is no cure for this condition, you can manage Type 2 diabetes by losing weight, having a healthy diet, regular exercise, and insulin therapy.&nbsp;Gestational diabetes: It develops in some pregnant women. In most cases, it goes away with the birth of the child. However, there is a greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in later life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy could be actual Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp;Causes: Although the exact cause is still unknown, excess weight before pregnancy plays a role in this condition. The blood sugar may also rise due to hormonal changes during pregnancy.&nbsp;Treatment: Close monitoring of blood sugar levels, lifestyle changes, and medications can reduce complications during pregnancy and delivery.&nbsp;Prevention&nbsp;Although Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. Steps including lifestyle changes, can help you prevent Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Gestational Diabetes to an extent. Foods rich in fiber and low in fat and calories can help you prevent this condition. Moderate physical activity and losing excess weight will also help you prevent diabetes. Have your blood sugar level checked at least once a year.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

Diabetes

Is your mood always low? Do you often feel anxious, worthless, and suicidal? Do you inflict self-harm? Is there a lack of interest in sex and other pleasure-giving activities? Are you the kind of person who refuses to socialize and experiences an inability to function at home and at the workplace? &nbsp;If the answer to all these questions is a YES, you might be suffering from DEPRESSION, ALSO KNOWN AS MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER OR CLINICAL DEPRESSION.  &nbsp;This is a common and serious medical illness that has a negative impact on your state of mind and well-being. It affects how you feel, think and act. It decreases the quality of your life. &nbsp;Depression affects people of all ages. Children, Teens, and Adults show different symptoms. &nbsp;Refusal to go to school, aches, and pains, worry, clinginess, irritability, sadness, and being overweight are the common symptoms in children. &nbsp;Substance abuse, avoiding social interaction, self-harm, overeating and oversleeping, poor academic performance and attendance at school, anger, and irritation, feeling worthless and guilty, sadness, being too sensitive, and loss of interest in normal activities are the general signs of depression in teenagers. &nbsp;Adults experience mild to extreme memory loss, personality changes, aches and pains, fatigue, sleep disorders, loss of appetite, lack of interest in all activities which give pleasure, refusal to socialize and stay within homes, and suicide mentality. &nbsp;Symptoms &nbsp;<ul><li>A feeling of extreme sadness &nbsp;</li><li>Anxiety, worry&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Decreased ability to function at home and at the workplace &nbsp;</li><li>Emotionally disturbed&nbsp;</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Feeling worthless and unwanted</li><li>Increase in purposeless physical activity like restlessness and agitation</li><li>Not being able to focus on everyday activities &nbsp;</li><li>Not interested in activities once enjoyed &nbsp;</li><li>Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, or suicide</li><li>Slowing down of movements</li><li>Trouble sleeping or oversleeping &nbsp;</li><li>Unable to concentrate, think and make decisions</li></ul>Causes / Reasons &nbsp;Being sad is not the same as being depressed. Continuous exposure to physical and mental violence, emotional neglect, or poverty may make some people more vulnerable to depression. People with low self-esteem, generally pessimistic, and those susceptible to stress experience depression. Genetics and Biochemistry are also factors contributing to depression. It can even occur because of a particular medical condition or due to certain medications.&nbsp;Treatment &nbsp;Depression is among the treatable mental disorders. It may require long-term treatment. But don't be discouraged. Medication, Psychotherapy, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), or a combination of these can improve the condition of patients.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.  &nbsp;

Depression

A cancer diagnosis and treatment are life-changing and are a source of considerable stress and pain for both patients and their caregivers. It gets more complicated when chemotherapy leads to other health complications, especially heart problems, which pose a greater risk to the patients’ survival.&nbsp;A 50-year-old patient diagnosed with breast cancer showed signs of breathlessness three months after being initiated into the standard chemotherapy regimen. Her condition began to worsen, and the Amrita Cardio-Oncology Clinic ran an echo and cardiac MRI and found a reduction in the pumping efficiency. Diagnosis revealed the case of chemotherapy-mediated heart failure. Chemotherapy was temporarily halted, and the patient was subjected to cardiac medications until the recovery of her heart function.&nbsp;Naturally, a clinical dilemma arises whether the oncologist can proceed with chemotherapy at the risk of heart failure or give a ‘cardiac safe’ chemotherapy regimen, compromising on her cancer treatment. This is where the Cardio-Oncology Clinic brought its expertise. It recommended cardioprotective medications in parallel with the chemotherapy course. The patient eventually completed the chemotherapy regimen without adverse cardiac issues. &nbsp;With this multidisciplinary facility, we aim to ensure that our patients safely complete their cancer treatment and maintain cardiovascular health.

Cardio-oncology Clinic

Breasts are an integral part of feminine beauty. They play an essential role in sustaining life and generations. It has been considered a sign of gender identity. There is a significant impact on overall appearance when your breast size is disproportionate to the rest of the body profile.Do you feel less confident due to the shape of your breasts? You may get undesirable breast size and shape due to pregnancy, breastfeeding, aging, hormone changes, and congenital conditions. To overcome this, you may consider Breast Augmentation. Also known as Mammoplasty, it is a cosmetic surgical procedure performed to increase breast size. It involves placing fat, implants, or both under the breast tissue or chest muscles to get the desired size and shape. It is usually a one-day outpatient procedure, and you can return to a normal lifestyle 48 hours after the surgery.&nbsp;Breast Augmentation is performed through different methods such as Fat Grafting and Breast Implants.&nbsp;In fat grafting, fat is extracted from your abdomen or thighs, purified, and injected into your breasts. This process can also be combined with the liposuction of other areas. &nbsp;Breast implants involve placing silicone implants to get your desired shape and size. Here, the implant is placed in locations such as:&nbsp;<ul><li>Dual plane (Under muscle and breast tissue)&nbsp;</li><li>Under the fascia (subfascial) &nbsp;</li><li>Under the muscle (subpectoral) &nbsp;</li><li>Under the native breast tissue (sub-glandular)&nbsp;</li></ul>While performing the procedure, the surgeon makes a single cut or incision in one of these three areas:&nbsp;<ul><li>Around your areola (periareolar)&nbsp;</li><li>The crease under your breast (inframammary)&nbsp;</li><li>Your armpits (axillary)&nbsp;</li></ul>How do you prepare for Breast Augmentation?&nbsp;Consult your surgeon regarding your preferences on your implants' size and appearance and surgical techniques. A baseline mammogram may also be performed. It is necessary to quit smoking before your surgery. You must stop taking aspirin and anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent bleeding during the surgery.&nbsp;After the Surgery&nbsp;After the surgery, you may expect scars that may fade over time. You will also be prescribed pain medications. Abstaining from strenuous activities and proper hygiene would help you heal faster. Contact the hospital or surgeon if you notice redness in your breast or fever that might indicate infection.Remember that the implants could be removed or corrected only through surgery. You must also remember that your breasts will age after augmentation. Breast augmentation has been increasingly practiced worldwide and has been adopted to enhance body image.&nbsp;Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

Breast Augmentation

Blood is life. "For the life of the flesh is in the blood…" says the word of the Lord. It is primarily liquid, with numerous cells and proteins suspended in it. And this makes the blood thicker than water. An adult body has about five liters (1.2-1.5 gallons) of blood. Blood is approximately 10% of an adult's weight. &nbsp;Blood constantly circulates in the human body, providing nutrition and oxygen and facilitating waste removal. It flows through arteries and veins. The arteries carry blood to the other body parts from the heart, and the veins carry it back to the heart.About half of blood consists of a liquid called plasma. Plasma contains proteins that help clotting, transport substances through the blood, and perform other functions. It also contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients. The other half of the blood volume consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.&nbsp;<ul><li>Red Blood Cells (RBC) or Erythrocytes carry oxygen to the tissues. &nbsp;</li><li>White Blood Cells (WBC) or Leukocytes fight infections and other diseases. Types of white blood cells include Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Neutrophils.</li><li>Platelets are tiny blood cells that help the body form clots and stop bleeding.&nbsp;</li></ul>Bone marrow -the soft, spongy material in the center of the bones - produces blood cells. About 95% of the body's blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. In an adult's body, bone marrow is mainly in the pelvic bones, breast bones, and spine bones.&nbsp;Blood cells formed in the bone marrow start out as stem cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. A stem cell is the first phase of all blood cells, and as the stem cell matures, several distinct cells evolve. These include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Lymph nodes, spleen, and liver help regulate the cells' production, destruction, and differentiation (developing a specific function).&nbsp;On average, adult men have more blood than most adult women. However, children have much less blood than adults. Generally, men can lose a little more blood than women before experiencing adverse effects. In the case of children, even slight blood loss could affect a child negatively.

Blood

All of us have blood. Though all blood looks the same and serves the same purpose, all blood is not similar. Your genes determine your blood group. The antibodies and antigens in your blood decide the blood group. &nbsp;Rhesus (Rh) factor&nbsp;Rhesus (Rh) factor is a deciding element for blood. This Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. It is either from the mother or father. &nbsp;You are Rh-positive if your blood has this protein. You are Rh-negative if your blood lacks this protein. The majority of the people are Rh-positive.&nbsp;How significant is the Rh factor?&nbsp;You can be Rh-positive or Rh-negative. Your overall health is not affected by the presence and absence of the Rh factor. &nbsp;Pregnancy and Rh Incompatibility&nbsp;If you are pregnant, it is essential to know your Rh factor. If the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, it can cause complications. This condition is called Rh incompatibility. It can sometimes lead to difficult situations and result in the death of the fetus or the newborn. Rh Incompatibility can cause jaundice in a newborn.&nbsp;Human blood is divided into various groups or types.&nbsp;There are four major blood groups. It is determined by the presence or absence of two antigens –A and B on the surface of red blood cells and the presence and absence of the Rh factor. &nbsp;In short, there are eight common blood groups.  &nbsp;Group A+: This blood has A antigen on red blood cells (and B antibody in the plasma)&nbsp;Group A-: Rh factor is absent. &nbsp;Group B+: This blood has B antigen on red blood cells (and A antibody in the plasma)&nbsp;Group B- Rh factor is absent. &nbsp;Group AB+: This blood has both A and B antigens on red blood cells (but neither A nor B antibodies in the plasma)  &nbsp;Group AB-: Rh factor is absent. &nbsp;Group O+: This blood has neither A nor B antigens on red blood cells (but A and B antibodies are in plasma) &nbsp;Group O- Rh factor is absent. &nbsp;In addition to these, there are more than 30 different blood group systems related to different types of antigens. &nbsp;Universal Donor and Recipient &nbsp;Group O- (Type O negative) is known as the universal red cell donor. Anyone can receive type O- (packed red blood cells)&nbsp;&nbsp;Group AB + is the universal recipient for packed red cell transformation.

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