Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Pneumoviridae family, is a respiratory virus that affects individuals across all age groups, particularly young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. This is not a new virus; it has been reported since 2001. Common symptoms include coughing, nasal congestion, fever, and, in severe cases, wheezing or difficulty breathing. The virus can lead to complications such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis in vulnerable populations. Remember, Prevention is the key! Prevention through good hygiene and awareness remains the most effective way to combat the virus.

Who is at Risk?

Certain groups are more susceptible to severe HMPV infections:

• Children under five years: Infants are at the highest risk of developing complications such as bronchiolitis.
• Older adults: Particularly those above 65 years of age or with chronic respiratory conditions like COPD or asthma.
• Immunocompromised individuals: Those undergoing treatments such as chemotherapy or with conditions that weaken their immune systems.

How Does HMPV Spread?

HMPV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets from sneezes or coughs, close contact, or touching contaminated surfaces followed by contact with the mouth, nose, or eyes. The virus is most active in late winter and spring.

Symptoms

While symptoms can vary between individuals, the most common signs include:

• Cough and runny nose
• Fever
• Sore throat
• Wheezing or difficulty breathing in severe cases

In children, the virus often presents as severe respiratory infections, requiring close monitoring.

Prevention

Preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of HMPV infections:

1. Wash hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water.
2. Wear masks during outbreaks or in crowded areas.
3. Disinfect frequently touched surfaces.
4. Avoid close contact with sick individuals.
5. Stay home if unwell to prevent the spread of the virus.

Testing and Diagnosis

Healthcare providers usually diagnose HMPV based on symptoms and health history. Laboratory tests, such as PCR or antigen tests, are performed in severe cases or during outbreaks to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Currently, no specific antiviral medication or vaccine exists for HMPV. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms:

• Rest and hydration
• Over-the-counter medications for fever and congestion
• Hospitalisation for severe cases requiring oxygen therapy or intravenous fluids

When to Seek Medical Attention

Seek medical care if symptoms worsen, include difficulty breathing, or occur alongside chronic health conditions like asthma or COPD.

Amrita Hospital offers dedicated respiratory and infectious medicine departments to address a wide range of breathing-related conditions and infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. 

It is better advised to consult our expert doctors from respiratory medicine or infectious departments for expert guidance and support.

How is HMPV Different from COVID-19?

HMPV is not as deadly as COVID-19, but it is a significant respiratory virus that requires attention, particularly for vulnerable populations like young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Unlike COVID-19, HMPV is not a global pandemic-level threat, but its symptoms can lead to severe complications, such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, in vulnerable individuals. It is essential to understand this virus and take preventive measures to protect against it. HMPV primarily causes upper respiratory symptoms similar to the common cold, while COVID-19 often leads to systemic symptoms and higher rates of severe complications. 

Frequently Asked Questions

Is HMPV similar to RSV or the flu?

Yes, HMPV shares similarities with RSV and the flu, particularly in symptoms. However, unlike RSV, it also significantly affects older adults, and there is currently no vaccine available for HMPV.

Can you get HMPV more than once?

Yes, reinfections are possible as immunity is not long-lasting.

How long does the infection last?

Mild cases resolve within a week or two, but severe infections can lead to prolonged recovery.

Is HMPV contagious?

Highly contagious, HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces.

What are the risks for pregnant women?

Pregnant women with HMPV may face respiratory complications, affecting maternal and foetal health. Preventive measures are crucial.