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If you live in and around Delhi NCR and are reading this, chances are, that you have been coughing, sneezing, felling unwell and tired, for the past few weeks, well you have been affected by the annual air pollution disaster, that hits Delhi during this season, for the past few years. India as per, WHO is one of the most polluted countries in the world and Delhi NCR region is unfortunately the most polluted city in the country. The air quality in our city is hazardous and toxic to all organs systems of the body. As a chest physician working in Delhi, over the past few days, I have been experiencing a surge in the number of patients coming with acute respiratory distress and worsening asthma. As the father of a 5 year old child who was born in this city and will perhaps live here, for a substantial time of her life, I am scared! Will my child be affected by this pollution? Will her life span be decreased, if her still developing lungs are exposed to such high levels of pollution? Will this pollution affect her IQ and overall intelligence? The answer to all these questions is an unfortunate yes. Research has clearly shown, that air pollution is a major killer and has adverse effects not only on the lungs, but also on body organs, including mental health and IQ. On a larger scale, we need to start involving the Government authorities and fight for our right to breathe. On a personal level , there are a few things which might help us cope better with the menace of pollution. First and foremost, if you have any respiratory diseases, see your physician. They will prescribe you with inhaled medicines, pumps, rotacaps etc. if it is required. Please do not shy away from using Pumps and inhalers. These drugs are absolutely safe if used correctly, and will help you breathe better. Every time you step out of your house, use a N-95 mask to cover your face and nose. These masks come with a shelf life and need to be replaced periodically. If you have any chronic illness, please ask your physician, if you can be given the pneumonia and flu vaccines. Air pollution, makes you more prone to lung infections and vaccines will help you in preventing these infections. It has been seen that the air quality inside our homes and offices is at times, worse than the air outside!&nbsp;Many people ask us if air purifiers are helpful. Well if you live in a place where air quality is poor and any of the family members has any chronic/ cardio-respiratory disease, it makes good sense to buy an air purifier. Make sure your air purifier is HEPA/Carbon filter based, and does not release ozone. Most of these air purifiers are effective in improving the air quality for standard size Indian rooms. Apart from these measures, eat a well balanced healthy diet. Include fruits, vegetables and nuts in your diet and do some form of physical activity every day. &nbsp;

 Air Pollution: What you need to know!

Bipolar Disorder

Debunking 6 common myths about breastfeeding | Breastfeeding Awareness Month 2023

Depression

Doctors Talk

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Are you sure your blood sugar level is under control? If not, it's a matter of concern. A high blood sugar level indicates a silent killer invading your body. If your blood tests reveal constantly high blood sugar levels, you have developed Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes. It is a lifelong disease.&nbsp; It is a condition where your body either does not produce enough of a hormone called insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it produces. It is insulin that helps the body convert glucose or sugar into energy.&nbsp; Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes can damage your nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.&nbsp;The pancreas, an organ behind the stomach, releases insulin to help store and use sugar and fat from the food that a person eats. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin, produces very little insulin, or when the body develops the condition insulin resistance, where it does not respond to insulin.&nbsp; Symptoms If you are diabetic, you may experience the following symptoms: Fatigue Increased thirst Extreme hunger Weight loss Blurry vision Frequent urination Sores that heal slowly  Type 1 Diabetes, Prediabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational diabetes are the common types of diabetes.&nbsp; &nbsp;Causes and Reasons; and Treatment&nbsp;depend on the type of diabetes.&nbsp; Type 1 Diabetes: This is also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, destroying the body's ability to produce insulin. If you are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, you will have to take insulin to live.&nbsp; Cause: Exact reasons remain unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors are considered to play a significant role.&nbsp; Treatment: Type 1 diabetes can be managed through insulin intake, a healthy diet, exercise, and frequent blood sugar monitoring. Prediabetes&nbsp;occurs when your blood sugar is higher than normal, but it's not high enough to be classified as Type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can lead to Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp; Causes: Your body's cells don't respond to insulin, and your pancreas makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond. Eventually, your pancreas finds it challenging to keep pumping, and your blood sugar shoots up. This sets the stage for prediabetes.&nbsp; Treatment:&nbsp;Prediabetes can be managed with a balanced diet, exercise, and careful monitoring of blood sugars. This can also prevent the development of Type 2 diabetes.&nbsp; Type 2: It is the most common form of diabetes. People with Type 2 diabetes produce insulin. But the insulin their pancreas produces is either not enough, or the body is resistant to the insulin. When insulin production is insufficient or the insulin is not used the way it should be, glucose can't get into the body's cells. Eventually, there arises the need for insulin medication.&nbsp; Causes:&nbsp;Exact reason remains uncertain. However, genetic and environmental factors are considered to play a significant role. Treatment:&nbsp;Although there is no cure for this condition, you can manage Type 2 diabetes by losing weight, having a healthy diet, regular exercise, and insulin therapy. Gestational diabetes: It develops in some pregnant women. In most cases, it goes away with the birth of the child. However, there is a greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in later life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy could be actual Type 2 diabetes. Causes:&nbsp;Although the exact cause is still unknown, excess weight before pregnancy plays a role in this condition. The blood sugar may also rise due to hormonal changes during pregnancy. Treatment:&nbsp;Close monitoring of blood sugar levels, lifestyle changes, and medications can reduce complications during pregnancy and delivery. Prevention Although Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented. Steps including lifestyle changes, can help you prevent Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Gestational Diabetes to an extent. Foods rich in fiber and low in fat and calories can help you prevent this condition. Moderate physical activity and losing excess weight will also help you prevent diabetes. Have your blood sugar level checked at least once a year. Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.

Diabetes

There are times when you are ecstatic, and your joy knows no bounds. The next moment you are unreasonably irritable, angry, and frustrated. Your mood swings affect your behavior, thought process, sleep, energy levels, and power of judgment. The condition that causes extreme mood swings – episodes of extremely elevated mood (mania/ hypomania) or emotionally low (depression) is known as&nbsp;Bipolar disorder. There are different types of bipolar and related disorders. Bipolar I&nbsp;disorder is defined by manic episodes that last at least a week or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes, which typically last at least two weeks, can also occur. Episodes of depression with mixed features (having depressive symptoms and manic symptoms simultaneously) are also possible. Bipolar II&nbsp;disorder is defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes. It is different from the full-blown manic episodes typical of Bipolar I disorder. Cyclothymic disorder&nbsp;also&nbsp;Cyclothymia&nbsp;is defined by periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (one year in children and adolescents). However, the symptoms do not meet the diagnostic requirements for hypomanic and depressive episodes. Other types&nbsp;are&nbsp;usually induced by certain drugs or alcohol or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke. Symptoms&nbsp; Ecstatic and Enthusiastic&nbsp; Swings from a joyful mood to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restless&nbsp; Poor concentration, Distracted and Irritated&nbsp; Increased energy and less need for sleep High sex drive Making grand and unattainable plans Tendency to show poor judgment, such as deciding to quit a job Investing huge amounts of money or risky behaviour Drug and alcohol abuse Increased impulsivity Causes and Reasons&nbsp; It is difficult to state the exact reasons that cause Bipolar disorder. Genetics, Changes in the brain, factors like stress, and major life changes can lead to the condition.&nbsp; Treatment It is a lifelong condition. Your symptoms can be managed by following a treatment plan. Bipolar disorder is treated with medications and psychological counseling. A good treatment program can stabilize severe moods and provide effective symptom relief. Continued treatment has been proven more effective in preventing relapses.&nbsp; Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;

How about having a bite of grilled chicken burger and coke? Or do you avoid them, considering your weight gain? If the latter is your choice, you are on the right path. It might taste good, but researchers have something else to say- processed foods increase cancer risk. Processed foods include packaged bakery products and snacks, sweetened or fizzy drinks, tinned food, processed meat, cheese, etc. They are often modified using artificial or chemical food colors, flavors, and emulsifiers.&nbsp; A study published online by the British Medical Journal (The BMJ) in February 2018 states that every 10% increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with a 12% higher risk for cancer in general and an 11% increased risk for breast cancer. The 2016 report by&nbsp;Foresight&nbsp;states that Sales of ultra-processed food and sugar-sweetened beverages are growing, and this growth is almost exclusively found in the under-developed and developing countries. In fact, India is a vast market for the food processing industry, involving local and international brands.&nbsp;&nbsp;The hidden danger:&nbsp;The tasty sugar, oil, and fat-rich processed foods often lack essential nutrients, which add to cancer risk. There is evidence that relates processed red meat to liver, lung, colon, rectum, stomach, and kidney cancer.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Way to a healthy life:&nbsp;An expert report from World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) suggests that diet and nutrition are modifiable factors for cancer prevention. The use of fresh and minimally processed foods such as vegetables, fruits, rice and eggs, meat and fish, and milk is associated with lowering cancer risk.&nbsp; You need to change your food habits and shift to a healthy way of life. The government, too, can make decisions to safeguard the food habits of the citizens, especially the younger generation.

Processed Food And Cancer

Is your mood always low? Do you often feel anxious, worthless, and suicidal? Do you inflict self-harm? Is there a lack of interest in sex and other pleasure-giving activities? Are you the kind of person who refuses to socialize and experiences an inability to function at home and at the workplace?&nbsp; If the answer to all these questions is a YES, you might be suffering from&nbsp;DEPRESSION, ALSO KNOWN AS MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER OR CLINICAL DEPRESSION.&nbsp;&nbsp; This is a common and serious medical illness that has a negative impact on your state of mind and well-being. It affects how you feel, think and act. It decreases the quality of your life.&nbsp; Depression affects people of all ages. Children, Teens, and Adults show different symptoms.&nbsp; Refusal to go to school, aches, and pains, worry, clinginess, irritability, sadness, and being overweight are the common symptoms in children.&nbsp; Substance abuse, avoiding social interaction, self-harm, overeating and oversleeping, poor academic performance and attendance at school, anger, and irritation, feeling worthless and guilty, sadness, being too sensitive, and loss of interest in normal activities are the general signs of depression in teenagers.&nbsp; Adults experience mild to extreme memory loss, personality changes, aches and pains, fatigue, sleep disorders, loss of appetite, lack of interest in all activities which give pleasure, refusal to socialize and stay within homes, and suicide mentality.&nbsp; Symptoms&nbsp; A feeling of extreme sadness&nbsp; Anxiety, worry Decreased ability to function at home and at the workplace&nbsp; Emotionally disturbed Fatigue&nbsp; Feeling worthless and unwanted&nbsp; Increase in purposeless physical activity&nbsp;like restlessness and agitation Not being able to focus on everyday activities&nbsp; Not interested in activities once enjoyed&nbsp; Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, or suicide Slowing down of movements&nbsp; Trouble sleeping or oversleeping&nbsp; Unable to concentrate, think and make decisions&nbsp; Causes / Reasons&nbsp; Being sad is not the same as being depressed. Continuous exposure to physical and mental violence, emotional neglect, or poverty may make some people more vulnerable to depression. People with low self-esteem, generally pessimistic, and those susceptible to stress experience depression. Genetics and Biochemistry are also factors contributing to depression. It can even occur because of a particular medical condition or due to certain medications.&nbsp; Treatment&nbsp; Depression is among the treatable mental disorders. It may require long-term treatment. But don't be discouraged. Medication, Psychotherapy, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), or a combination of these can improve the condition of patients.&nbsp; Consult your doctor for a detailed medical examination and treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;

As we celebrate Breastfeeding Awareness Month&nbsp;in August each year, it is essential to dispel some of the myths surrounding breastfeeding. Despite being a natural and vital aspect of motherhood, breastfeeding often comes with its fair share of misconceptions. It is crucial to address some prevalent myths and provide evidence-based facts to promote better understanding and support of breastfeeding mothers.By debunking these misconceptions, we hope to encourage a more positive and informed approach to breastfeeding, fostering a nurturing environment for both mother and baby.Myth 1: Once you have given birth, you need to be on a light diet and avoid normal meals.Fact: Once the mother is discharged from the hospital with the baby, she should eat a well-balanced diet including vegetables, legumes, and whole grains. Adequate hydration is crucial, so make sure to drink plenty of fluids such as water, coconut water, buttermilk and milk, twice a day.&nbsp;Myth 2: You shouldn’t breastfeed when unwell.&nbsp;Fact: In most cases, mothers can continue to breastfeed their babies even when they are unwell. However, it is essential to get enough rest to recover and receive proper treatment. If a mother has a cough and cold, she should take extra precautions by frequently washing her hands and wearing a face mask during feeding. While most medicines are safe to take when breastfeeding, it is best to consult your doctor for guidance.Myth 3: Breastfeeding milk may not be enough to keep the baby well-fed.&nbsp;Fact: This is a common misconception. Breastfeeding operates on a need-per-basis system. The more the baby latches on the breast and sucks effectively, the more milk the mother will produce. Putting the baby on the breast each time helps maintain an adequate supply. While the initial days might be challenging, most mothers produce enough milk with the right nutrition for their babies.&nbsp;Myth 4: Breastfeeding hurts.Fact: While some mothers may experience initial discomfort when they start, breastfeeding usually doesn’t hurt. It is essential to address the root cause of pain. Pain and sore nipples are often the result of an incorrect latching technique. Seeking support from lactation counsellors can help mothers learn proper positioning and attachment, making breastfeeding a pain-free experience.&nbsp;Myth 5: It is time to breastfeed babies when they cry.&nbsp;Fact: Crying is one of the late cues for feeding. It is essential to look for early cues when initiating breastfeeding. These cues include baby waking up from sleep, moving their mouth as if to suck, head turning towards the breast, sucking their fingers, and lip-smacking among others.Myth 6: Babies should be given water during summer.Fact: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months of age. Babies who are breastfed do not need additional water, as breastmilk contains all the essential nutrients for your baby, including water. Breastfeeding is a valuable gift of nature that benefits both mother and baby. This year’s theme "Enabling Breastfeeding: Making a Difference for Working Parents" highlights the importance of creating a supportive environment for breastfeeding, especially for mothers who are balancing work and motherhood.It is important to remember that seeking advice from Lactation Counsellors, doctors and support from friends and family can make the breastfeeding experience more enjoyable for both mother and baby.&nbsp;

Why should parents ensure their newborn baby undergoes NBS? What are the tests involved? An expert breaks it down.You have just become a parent and feel blessed to have your little bundle of joy. You can’t wait to leave the hospital and be surrounded by your friends and families in celebrating the good news.Just then, the baby's doctor walks in, informing you about newborn screening.What is NBS? Let's break it down.Newborn screening (NBS) is a cost-effective intervention that allows the early detection of certain conditions before clinical symptoms manifest, enabling timely treatment.NBS is typically conducted soon after birth, before the baby is discharged from the hospital.The significance of newborn screening lies in its ability to identify and treat conditions early on, preventing the development of certain diseases and mental disabilities.By detecting these conditions in their early stages, infants can receive prompt medical attention, leading to better long-term outcomes and a healthier start to life.While newborn screening is currently being performed in many hospitals in India, it is not yet a part of the country's health policy. However, a few states, such as Kerala, Goa, and Chandigarh, have implemented NBS programs in government hospitals, providing free screening. These states serve as models for others to learn from and emulate.Newborn screening typically includes the following:<h2>Blood Tests</h2>In most hospitals, blood samples are collected from the baby's umbilical cord soon after birth, eliminating the need for an additional prick. Pricks on a newborn can be quite distressing for parents.If cord blood cannot be obtained, a heel prick test is done 24 - 48 hours after the birth.Commonly tested disorders include,<ul><li>Congenital Hypothyroidism</li></ul>Congenital hypothyroidism can be easily treated with not-so-expensive, easily obtained medicine, and early detection helps prevent intellectual disability.<ul><li>Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD)</li></ul>G6PD deficiency, which is more prevalent in boys, can lead to anaemia and jaundice in the early neonatal period. Parents with babies of G6PD deficiency are given a Diet/Drug list to avoid. These drugs include certain antibiotics, antimalarials etc.<ul><li>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)</li></ul>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, if undetected, can lead to severe complications including shock and even death.<h2>Newborn Hearing &amp; Heart&nbsp;Screening</h2>Hearing loss occurs in 2- 4 out of every 1000 babies. Screening is therefore crucial, and involves a simple test called Otoacoustic Emission (OAE).The test involves placing a small probe (like an earphone) in the baby's ear, providing a click stimulus, and detecting a response from the inner ear.If it fails, the test is repeated with the 6-week vaccination visits, and if the child still doesn't pass, a detailed test called Brainstem meant to revoke Response Audiometry (BERA) is recommended.Early detection of hearing loss is crucial to prevent impairments in speech, communication, behavior and learning difficulties.<ul><li>Screen before one month of age</li><li>Diagnose before 3 months</li><li>Treat (Hearing aids) by 6 months of age</li></ul>Crude methods to assess hearing (for example, a baby responding to a door closing with a startle) can falsely reassure parents. This is why it's important to convince them to get hearing tested by a formal yet simple test- OAE.Another aspect of newborn screening involves using a pulse oximeter to check for certain heart conditions in infants.<h2>Challenges to Implementing Newborn Screening</h2>Some roadblocks to regular newborn screening include,<ul><li>Financial constraints</li><li>Lack of awareness among healthcare professionals policymakers, and parents</li><li>Need for retesting if a screen comes back positive.</li></ul>Additionally, certain disorders may require specialised diets that are often expensive and difficult to procure from other countries.To ensure the successful implementation of newborn screening, increasing awareness among the medical community, policymakers, and parents about the benefits of NBS are vital.Integrating newborn screening into the national health policy and gradually rolling it out in a phased manner, taking into account the prevalence of conditions in each state, will lead to a healthier and happier India.Newborn screening holds the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates and infants, providing early detection, intervention, and treatment.By taking one step at a time, we can work towards the universal implementation of NBS, ensuring a healthier future for our children.

To Give Your Baby a Healthy Start, Don’t Skip on Newborn Screening: What Is It?

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is a serious but preventable condition that affects many people in India, especially in rural areas. It is a leading cause of heart problems among children and young adults. Despite medical advances, RHD remains a significant public health challenge, and raising awareness is crucial to combat it. &nbsp;<h2>What is Rheumatic Heart Disease?&nbsp;</h2>Rheumatic Heart Disease is a long-term condition that starts with rheumatic fever, an illness that can develop after an untreated or poorly treated throat infection used caused by a bacteria called Streptococcus.&nbsp;Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, but it is most harmful to the heart. Over time, this inflammation can scar the heart valves, which can lead to valve narrowing or incompetence making it difficult for valves to function properly.&nbsp;Heart has 4 valves and any of them can be affected but the most commonest affected are the Mitral valve 65-70 % Aortic Valve 20-25 % and the Tricuspid valve 10 % The Pulmonary valve is rarely affected.&nbsp;<h2>RHD in India: A Public Health Challenge&nbsp;</h2>India has a high number of RHD cases approximately 1.5 million, especially in rural areas where healthcare access is limited. The disease mainly affects children and young often during their most productive years. Factors like overcrowding, poor sanitation, and lack of awareness about treating strep throat contribute to the high prevalence of RHD in the country.&nbsp;Prevalence: RHD affects an estimated 1.5 million people&amp;nbsp;in India.&nbsp;Mortality Rate: The mortality rate for RHD patients is approximately 4.7% per patient-year.Demographic Impact: Women are disproportionately affected, comprising about 72% of RHD patients.&nbsp;<h2>Symptoms and Complications&nbsp;</h2>RHD often shows symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and palpitations, which can be mistaken for other conditions. As the disease progresses, patients may develop severe complications, including heart failure, stroke, and serious infections of the heart valves. Without timely treatment, RHD can significantly impact quality of life and lead to premature death.&nbsp;<h2>Treatment Options for Rheumatic Heart Disease&nbsp;</h2><ul><li><h3>Medical Management&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>In the early stages, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further heart damage. This includes antibiotics to eliminate any remaining strep infection, anti-inflammatory medications to reduce heart inflammation, and regular check-ups to monitor disease progression.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Surgical Interventions&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>For advanced RHD, where the heart valves are severely damaged, surgery may be necessary. Valve repair or replacement is often the best way to restore&amp;nbsp;normal heart function and prevent further complications. The choice of procedure depends on the extent of the damage to the valve.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Heart Valve Replacement Options&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>When it comes to valve replacement, there are two main options: tissue valves and mechanical valves. Each has its pros and cons, which must be carefully considered.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Tissue Valves&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>Tissue valves are made from animal tissue (usually pigs-porcine or cows-bovine) or donated human heart tissue-homograft.&nbsp;Advantages<ul><li>Patients usually don't need long-term blood-thinning medications.&nbsp;</li><li>Quieter than mechanical valves.&nbsp;</li></ul>DisadvantagesLess durable and may need to be replaced after 10-20 years, especially in younger patients. More prone to calcification over time, which can lead to valve dysfunction.&nbsp;<ul><li><h3>Mechanical Valves&nbsp;</h3></li></ul>Mechanical valves are made from materials like carbon and titanium. They are designed to last a lifetime, making them a good choice for younger patients who might otherwise need multiple valve replacements.&nbsp;Advantages<ul><li>Extremely durable and can last for several decades.&nbsp;</li><li>Highly effective at maintaining normal blood flow.&nbsp;</li></ul>Disadvantages<ul><li>Patients must take blood-thinning medications for life to prevent clots, which can increase the risk of bleeding and require regular blood tests.&nbsp;</li><li>Some patients may be bothered by the clicking sound they produce.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>Choosing the Right Valve&nbsp;</h3>The decision between a tissue valve and a mechanical valve depends on factors like the patient's age, lifestyle, risk of bleeding, and personal preferences.&nbsp;In India, where RHD often affects younger patients, the durability of mechanical valves may be a significant consideration. However, the need for lifelong blood-thinning medication with mechanical valves may be a drawback for some, especially those with limited access to regular healthcare.&nbsp;<h2>Prevention and Public Health Initiatives&nbsp;</h2><h3>Preventing Rheumatic Fever&nbsp;</h3>The best way to prevent RHD is to prevent rheumatic fever by promptly diagnosing and treating streptococcal throat infection with antibiotics. Public health campaigns that educate communities about the importance of treating sore throats and seeking medical care for infection symptoms are essential in reducing the incidence of rheumatic fever and RHD.&nbsp;<h3>Role of Vaccination and School Programs&nbsp;</h3>Research is ongoing into vaccines that could protect against the bacteria causing streptococcal throat infection. School-based health programs that promote hygiene, provide regular health check-ups, and educate children about the risks of untreated sore throats can also play a crucial role in preventing rheumatic fever and RHD.&nbsp;Rheumatic Heart Disease remains a significant health issue in India, but with increased awareness and better healthcare access, its impact can be reduced. For those already affected by RHD, heart valve replacement&amp;mdash;whether with a tissue or mechanical valve&amp;mdash;offers a life-saving option that can restore normal heart function and improve quality of life.&nbsp;

Understanding Rheumatic Heart Disease

PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland, a small organ located below the bladder in men. It's primarily found in semen, but small amounts also circulate in the bloodstream. &nbsp;&nbsp; The PSA Test is a blood test used to measure the level of PSA in your blood. While an elevated PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, it can also be caused by other conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate). &nbsp;&nbsp; It's important to note that a PSA test is not a definitive diagnosis for prostate cancer.&nbsp; If your PSA level is elevated, your Uro-Oncologist may recommend further testing, such as a digital rectal exam or a prostate biopsy, to determine the cause.&nbsp; &nbsp;

What is PSA?

PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland. While an elevated PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, it can also be caused by other factors. Therefore, it's crucial to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations on PSA testing frequency.Normal PSA levels vary between individuals. However, a level below 4 nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL) is generally considered normal for men under 50. As men age, PSA levels naturally increase.Who Should Get a PSA Test?<ul><li dir="ltr">Men over 50: Regular PSA tests are recommended for men over 50 as part of their routine health screenings.</li><li dir="ltr">Men with Increased Risk: Men with a family history of prostate cancer, African American men, or those experiencing symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine flow, or blood in the urine may benefit from earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr">Men with BRCA2 Mutations: Men carrying BRCA2 mutations may be at an increased risk and should consider earlier testing.</li></ul>A Risk-Adapted ApproachRather than a one-size-fits-all approach, a risk-adapted strategy can help tailor PSA testing to individual needs. This involves:<ul><li dir="ltr">Initial PSA Level: The initial PSA level can help determine follow-up intervals.</li><li dir="ltr">Life Expectancy and Performance Status: For men with limited life expectancy or poor performance status, aggressive screening might not be beneficial.</li></ul>Guidelines for PSA testing:<ul><li dir="ltr">Men from 50 years of age: Should consider regular PSA testing if symptomatic.</li><li dir="ltr">Men from 45 years of age with a family history of prostate cancer: Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr">African American men from 45 years of age: Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li><li dir="ltr">Men carrying BRCA2 mutations from 40 years of age: Should consider earlier PSA testing.</li></ul>Your Uro-Oncologist will also use your initial PSA level to determine the frequency of follow-up testing for a risk adapted approach.<ul><li dir="ltr">Men with a PSA level of &gt; 1 ng/mL at 40 years of age: Should follow up every 2 years.</li><li dir="ltr">Men with a PSA level of &gt; 2 ng/mL at 60 years of age: Should follow up every 2 years.</li><li dir="ltr">Men not at risk: May be able to postpone follow-up to 8 years.</li></ul>It's important to remember that PSA testing is not a definitive diagnosis for prostate cancer.&nbsp;Ultimately, the decision to undergo PSA testing should be made in consultation with your healthcare provider based on your individual circumstances.If your PSA level is elevated, your Uro-Oncologist may recommend further testing, to determine the cause. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-2851234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What is the Normal level of PSA and who should get a PSA test done? 

Symptoms of Prostate CancerWhile prostate cancer can sometimes be asymptomatic in its early stages, there are several signs that may indicate the presence of the disease:<ul><li dir="ltr">Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS): Difficulty initiating or stopping urination, frequent urination, weak urine flow, or a sense of incomplete bladder emptying.</li><li dir="ltr">Blood in the urine or semen: This is a concerning symptom that should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.</li><li dir="ltr">Urinary Incontinence: Loss of bladder control, such as leaking urine.</li><li dir="ltr">Pain or Discomfort: Pain in the lower back, hips, or thighs can be a sign of advanced prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.</li><li dir="ltr">Erectile Dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.</li><li dir="ltr">Advanced Symptoms: In more advanced stages, symptoms might include weight loss, fatigue, bone pain (if cancer has spread to the bones), and swelling in the legs.</li></ul>&nbsp;It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). If you experience any of these symptoms, it's advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis. &nbsp;Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-2851234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What are the symptoms with which Prostate cancer patients may present? 

If your PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) test results are abnormal, your Uro-Oncologist will likely recommend further evaluation. This may include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical examination where the doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to assess its size and consistency.</li><li dir="ltr">Repeat PSA Test: A follow-up PSA test may be ordered to monitor changes in PSA levels over time.</li><li dir="ltr">Mri Prostate with PIRADS scoring</li><li dir="ltr">Biopsy: If other tests suggest prostate cancer, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. This involves taking a tissue sample from the prostate for examination under a microscope.</li></ul>It's important to discuss these options with your Uro-Oncologist and understand the potential risks and benefits of each. The specific course of action will depend on your individual situation, including your age, overall health, and the severity of the abnormality. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-2851234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

What is to be done after a patient gets abnormal PSA report? 

What is MRI Prostate with PIRADS scoring and how does it help in diagnosis and management of Prostate Cancer?MRI Prostate with PIRADS Scoring is a specialiSed type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to examine the prostate gland.It provides detailed images of the prostate tissue, helping to detect and evaluate potential abnormalities, including prostate cancer. &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;PIRADS (Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a standardised scoring system used to assess the likelihood of prostate cancer based on MRI findings. The score ranges from 1 (very low likelihood of cancer) to 5 (very high likelihood of cancer). &nbsp;&nbsp;MRI with PIRADS scoring is valuable in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer for several reasons:<ul><li dir="ltr">Early detection: It can help identify suspicious areas within the prostate gland, potentially leading to earlier detection of prostate cancer.</li><li dir="ltr">Targeted biopsies: PIRADS scores can guide targeted biopsies, focusing on areas with a higher likelihood of cancer, reducing the risk of unnecessary procedures. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Treatment planning: The information from MRI with PIRADS scoring can help determine the most appropriate treatment approach, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or active surveillance. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Monitoring disease progression: It can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any signs of disease recurrence. &nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;Overall, MRI with PIRADS scoring is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer, offering a more accurate and targeted approach to patient care. Need expert care for urological concerns from the <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/renal-sciences/urology">best Urology Hospital in Faridabad</a> ? Book an appointment today – 0129-2851234 Department of Urology Amrita Institute of Uro-Oncology and Robotic Surgery Faridabad, Haryana, India

MRI Prostate with PIRADS: Aiding Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

Breast cancer remains one of the most common forms of cancer affecting women worldwide. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes, making it vital for everyone to understand and recognise the initial signs and symptoms. Though the statistics can be daunting, early identification significantly increases the chances of successful treatment.Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, is committed to empowering women with knowledge and promoting early detection of breast cancer. In this blog, we aim to educate readers about the various signs of breast cancer, enabling them to seek timely medical intervention when necessary. &nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Understanding Breast Cancer</h2>&nbsp;Breast cancer, like every other form of cancer, arises when cells in the breast tissue grow abnormally and uncontrollably, often forming a tumour. While both men and women can be diagnosed with breast cancer, it’s far more prevalent in women. There are several types of breast cancer, which are typically categorised based on where the cancer originates in the breast tissue. The two primary regions where breast cancer may begin are the milk ducts (ductal carcinoma) and lobules (lobular carcinoma), although it can also affect other parts of the breast.&nbsp;While certain risk factors like age, genetics, and family history are beyond an individual’s control, lifestyle choices also play a role. Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and limiting alcohol consumption may help reduce the risk. For those with high genetic risk and gene mutations, preventive measures, including more frequent screenings or prophylactic surgery, may be considered.Breast cancer can range from non-invasive (cancer cells remain in their original location) to invasive (cancer cells spread to surrounding tissues). It is essential to recognise the early signs and symptoms to ensure early diagnosis and treatment. The cancer’s location, type, and stage influence which symptoms appear first and how they progress. While some symptoms may be obvious, others can be subtle and easily overlooked, making regular self-examination and professional screening essential for early identification. &nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Common Early Symptoms of Breast Cancer</h2>While symptoms can vary from person to person, some of the most common early signs of breast cancer include:<ul><li dir="ltr">Lump in the Breast or Underarm: One of the most recognised early signs of breast cancer is the presence of a lump in the breast or underarm. Formation of new lumps or masses in the breast or underarm, particularly if it feels firm, irregular, and fixed, can be a cause for concern.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in Breast Size or Shape: Another common early sign is the change in the size or shape of the breasts. If one breast appears to be larger, swollen, or shaped differently than usual, this may be an indication of breast cancer. It is particularly important to monitor for these changes if they are not related to the menstrual cycle, weight changes, or other common factors.</li><li dir="ltr">Skin Changes on the Breast:&nbsp;Skin changes on the breast, such as dimpling or puckering, can be an early symptom of breast cancer. This condition is often compared to the orange peel (peau d’orange) due to the similarity in texture.</li><li dir="ltr">Nipple Changes: Nipple retraction (nipple turning inwards) or discharge, particularly if it is bloody or clear and not associated with breastfeeding, can be a sign of breast cancer. Other changes, such as redness, scaling, or crusting, may also signal an underlying issue.</li><li dir="ltr">Breast or Nipple Pain:&nbsp;While breast pain isn’t a typical symptom of breast cancer, persistent pain in specific areas of the breast can be a cause for concern.&nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Swelling or Unexplained Thickening: Swelling or thickening of part of the breast, even if no lump is felt, can be an indication of breast cancer. These should not be ignored, especially if it does not go away over time.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in Skin or Nipple Appearance: Any changes in the appearance of the skin or nipple, such as redness, scaling, or dimpling, can be an indication of the suppressed issue. Breast cancer can sometimes cause the skin to look different or feel thicker than usual.&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Signs and Symptoms to Look for with Different Types of Breast Cancer</h2>Breast cancer can manifest differently depending on the type. While the above symptoms overlap between forms, some specific signs may be associated with different types of breast cancer.<ul><li dir="ltr">Ductal Carcinoma: This is the most common type of breast cancer, originating in the milk ducts of the breast. Early-stage ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may not cause noticeable symptoms but can sometimes present with a small lump or calcifications that are detected on a mammogram. It may also be present with clear or bloody nipple discharge. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Lobular Carcinoma:&nbsp;Lobular carcinoma&nbsp;originates in the milk-producing lobules of the breast. However, Lobular carcinoma may present with lump in breast or&nbsp; can be more challenging to detect than other types because it often does not form a distinct lump. Individuals may notice general thickening or fullness in one area of the breast, accompanied by changes in texture or size. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Invasive Breast Cancer: It refers to the cancer that has spread beyond the milk ducts or lobules. Invasive breast cancer causes a variety of symptoms, including the formation of a lump, changes in breast shape, skin dimpling, and nipple retraction. As the cancer spreads, it may affect surrounding lymph nodes, causing swelling in the underarm or collarbone. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Metastatic Breast Cancer: Also known as stage IV breast cancer, this type of cancer occurs when cancer cells spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body. Symptoms of metastatic breast cancer can vary depending on the organs involved but may include bone pain, weight loss, shortness of breath, and headaches. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A more aggressive form of breast cancer that does not have receptors for oestrogen, progesterone, or HER2/neu. Symptoms may develop rapidly, including a lump, changes in breast size, nipple inversion, and skin changes. Due to its aggressive nature, triple-negative breast cancer often requires prompt treatment. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Inflammatory Breast Cancer: This is a rare and aggressive type of breast cancer that blocks lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, and thickening of the skin, which may resemble an infection or inflammation. Once these symptoms arise, it’s crucial to seek medical help immediately, as inflammatory breast cancer progresses quickly. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Male Breast Cancer: Though rare, men can also develop breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. Symptoms in men are similar to those in women, including lump formation, changes in breast size or shape, nipple discharge, and skin changes around the area. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Paget’s Disease of the Breast:&nbsp;A rare form of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. Symptoms include redness, scaling, itching, and oozing of fluids from the nipple, resembling eczema, a skin condition. Paget’s disease is often mistaken for a benign skin condition, making early detection crucial for proper treatment. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Papillary Carcinoma: This is another rare type of breast cancer that forms in the ducts of the breast. It typically presents as a small, slow-growing lump near the nipple, sometimes accompanied by clear or bloody discharge. Though generally less aggressive, papillary carcinoma requires prompt treatment to prevent progression. &nbsp;</li></ul><h2 dir="ltr">When to Seek Medical Advice</h2>If any of the symptoms discussed are present, it is essential to seek medical advice promptly. While some symptoms may be benign, it is always better to seek medical advice to rule out any serious conditions. If necessary, doctors will suggest further tests like mammograms, ultrasounds, or biopsies.&nbsp;At Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, our team of experts specialised in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of breast cancer, ensuring that patients receive the highest quality of care at every stage.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Preventive Measures and Early Detection</h2>As mentioned earlier, early detection is crucial for successful treatment, and certain preventive measures can reduce the risk of developing the disease. By adopting a proactive approach to breast health, individuals can increase their chances of catching potential issues early and taking appropriate action.<ul><li dir="ltr">Regular Screenings: One of the most effective ways to detect breast cancer is through regular screenings. Women aged 40 and older are suggested to have routine mammograms. A physical examination by a healthcare professional can help detect abnormalities that may not be visible on a mammogram. Individuals are also suggested to conduct monthly self-examinations. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Healthy Lifestyle Choices:&nbsp;Maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays an important role in reducing the risk of breast cancer. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains can lower cancer risk. Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and balance hormone levels, which in turn can reduce the risk of breast cancer. It is advised to avoid smoking and limit the intake of alcohol to significantly lower the risk.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Genetic Testing and Counselling:&nbsp;Women with a family history of breast cancer or known genetic mutations are suggested to conduct genetic counselling. This can help assess the risk and explore preventive options. &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Hormonal Treatments: For those at high risk, hormonal treatments like selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors may reduce the likelihood of developing breast cancer but can have side effects so not routinely advised.&nbsp; &nbsp;</li><li dir="ltr">Stay Informed: Being aware of the signs and symptoms is a crucial part of prevention. Regular check-ups, staying informed about the personal risk factors, and understanding family medical history can all help in early detection.&nbsp;</li></ul>&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr">Prioritise Your Health with Amrita Hospital, Faridabad</h2>A comprehensive understanding of breast cancer, from its risk factors to the importance of early detection and the latest advancements in treatment, enables women to take proactive steps towards maintaining their health.&nbsp;Amrita Hospital, Faridabad, offers detailed <a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/department/speciality-departments/breast-diseases-division">breast cancer screening services</a>, including mammograms and clinical breast examinations. Remember that early consultation with a specialist can lead to prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, maximising your chances of a full recovery.<a href="https://www.amritahospitals.org/faridabad/book-appointment">Schedule a check-up at Amrita Hospital</a>, Faridabad, if you notice any abnormal changes in your breast health.&nbsp;<h2 dir="ltr"> Frequently Asked Questions</h2><ul><li dir="ltr">What is usually the first symptom of breast cancer?</li></ul>The most commonly appearing initial sign is the formation of a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm. While many lumps are benign, it is important to have any new growth evaluated by a healthcare professional.<ul><li dir="ltr">What does stage 1 breast cancer feel like?</li></ul>Stage 1 breast cancer may feel like a small, firm lump that is usually painless. At this early stage, the cancer is localised and has not spread beyond the breast tissue or nearby lymph nodes.<ul><li dir="ltr">What are the five warning signs of breast cancer?</li></ul>The warning signs of breast cancer include:&nbsp;<ol><li dir="ltr">Formation of a new lump or mass in the breast or underarm.</li><li dir="ltr">Changes in the breast size or shape.</li><li dir="ltr">Nipple discharge or retraction.</li><li dir="ltr">Skin dimpling or thickening on the breast.</li><li dir="ltr">Persistent breast or nipple pain. &nbsp;</li></ol><ul><li dir="ltr">How to prevent breast cancer?</li></ul>While there are no guaranteed ways to prevent breast cancer, some steps like managing a healthy lifestyle, regular screening, avoiding tobacco, etc. can reduce the risk. Genetic counselling may also help identify individuals at higher risk.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

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